History and Features of Baroque Music

History and Features of Baroque Music The main characteristics of Renaissance music (1450-1600) is music based on modes, but gradually more accidentals creep in, richer texture in four or more parts, blending rather than contrasting strands in the musical texture, harmony and church music and   secular music.   Renaissance music is like ancient Greek and Rome. Renaissance means rebirth. Church music in renaissance period was more than one part and had moving chords. They usually had more accidentals and was song a Capella without instruments. A renaissance composer tried to have the music more blended together rather than separated. Secular music was more independent of churches it was non-religious. Lied, frottala, chanson, madrigal and villancico was the main types of songs. German chorales are protestant hymns. A collection of English words and Italian madrigals were published in 1588. English madrigal were performed in rich peoples homes. There are three kinds of madrigal. The madrigal proper, the ballet and the ayre. The madrigal proper is a lot of word painting music. The ballet texture was mainly chordal. The ayre could be performed in a lot of ways. It could be performed with or without instruments. The main characteristic of Baroque music (1600-1750) is the basso continuo, one mood throughout the entire piece, important string sections, modes were replaced by the major/minor key system, many different forms are used, many types of music, energetic rhythms, long melodies, many ornaments and contrast dynamics. Baroque music had monody. Monody is a single voice line that is supported by a bass line. Instrumental music became very important in the baroque period. The Italian overture began with three section quick, slow and quick. Scarlatti designed the arias in his operas. The French overture is slow, quick and slow. The baroque opera in England was composed by Purcell. Oratorio was a type of music that was very similar opera. They had recitatives, arias and choruses. The only thing that was different was that oratorio was based on sacred stories. Passion is an oratorio telling a story about Christs crucifixion. Cantata means song. Bach composed about 200 church cantatas. A fugue is a contrapuntal piece. Its written in three or four parts. The structure of a fugue can be complicated. The chorale prelude is usually for an organ and they were composed in Germany. A suite is dances for one or more instruments. They were written for harpsichord. They contain a German allemande. A German allemande is in 4/4 time and at modern speed. A French courante is in 3/2 time at a moderately fast speed. A Spanish sarabande is in slow triple time. A gigue is in compound time. After a gigue a composer might introduces a dance like the minuet. A suite began with the prelude. The pieces were in the same key. Baroque sonatas were for two violins and continuo. Composers usually called these trio sonatas. Sonata means sounded. The sonata de camera were meant to be played in peoples homes. The sonata de Chiesa were played in churches. They were more serious than chamber sonatas. Purcell, Bach, Corelli, Handel, Scarlatti and Couperin all composed sonatas. The concerto Grosso was the idea of opposition and contrast led to contrasting groups of instrument. A smaller group of soloists called the concertino. The word concerto means together. The solo concerto has a single instrument and a string orchestra. There are solo sections and tutti sections. The orchestra started to take shape during the baroque period. The string section became a self- contained section. There was still a continuo. There was a lot of contrast, especially in the dynamics. The difference between Renaissance and Baroque music is renaissance was constrained and it was the foundation of baroque music. Baroque music include voices and instruments. Renaissance music was smooth and baroque music was metrical. The tone of baroque music was tonal architecture and renaissance music had systematic point. Melody with accompaniment was noted during the baroque period. The melody during renaissance was imitative.   The texture of renaissance is polyphonic and baroque uses bass and shifts from polyphonic to homophonic. The scale of baroque is major and renaissance is modal. The melody of renaissance is smooth and baroque is based on the principle of continuous. The harmony of baroque is based on the major-minor system and renaissance is consonant 3rds and 6ths. The rhythm of the renaissance was simple meters and recurring accents. The rhythm of baroque is vigorous, tireless drive and carried by bass part. The dynamics of the renaissance is subtle changes and baroque music is terraces dynamics. Josquin des Prez was born in henedouwen. He died on august 27, 1521. He died in escaut Josquin studied under the earlier renaissance master Johannes ockeghem.   Josquin was a Flemish French speaking composer of the renaissance. At the beginning of his career he was appointed at the French court. In the beginning of 1480 he moved to Italy. Josquin composed motets, masses and chansons. Martin Luther said Joaquins was the master of notes. He blended traditional forms with innovations. In his motets he gave free reign to his talent. He was expressing sorrow in poignant harmonies. Josquin used cantus firmus style. He learned how to develop motet style. He used the technique of canon and melodic imitation. He didnt do the rondeau or the ballade. He used five or six voices. Maintain a sharp rhythm and clarity texture. Henry Purcell was born in London in 1659 and died on November 21, 1695. Henry Purcell was an English composer of the baroque period. Henry was most remember for the miniature opera dido and anenea. He composed church, stage, court and private entertainment. Henrys father was the chapel royal.

The Importance of Lipoproteins and How They Effect Our Body and Through Lifestyle Decisions How Cardiovascular Disease Can Be Prevented and or Controlled.

Hertig,Kathleen(1) The Importance of Lipoproteins and How They Effect Our Body and Through Lifestyle Decisions How Cardiovascular Disease Can Be Prevented and or Controlled. Insoluble in water lipids can be defined. To move lipids like fatty acid, triacylglycerols, steroids and fat soluble vitamins within the blood plasma, a mover protein is needed. Moved from the adipose tissue to the muscle, heart and liver tissues by serum albumin are fatty acids. Moved by the retinol binding protein is Vitamin A.There are steroid moverproteins that move steroids to the aimed cells. Majority of the body’s lipids(phospholipids, triacylglycerols and cholesterol), are moved in the plasma by big complexes called lipoproteins. Lipoproteins makeup a center part of hydrophobic lipids encompassed by a shell of phosphotidyl glycerols and proteins. Protein parts of lipoproteins solubilize the hydrophobic lipids and include the cell targeting signals. Assorted according to their density are lipoprotei ns .The smallest density lipoprotein are the chylomicrons proceeded by the chylomicron remnants, very small density lipoproteins VLDLs, medium density lipoproteins, IDLs, small density lipoproteins, LDLs, and big density lipoproteins, HDLs. The densities of these lipoproteins are correlated to the relative parts of lipids to proteins in the complex. The bigger the protein amount the larger the density of the lipoprotein. (www. tamu. edu/faculty/bmiles/lectures/Lipid%20Transport. pdf). Chylomicrons: Moved from the intestinal mucosa cells to other tissues by lipoproteins that are referred to as chylomicrons, which are dietary lipids.Chlyomicrons are big and have the smallest protein to lipid ratio and therefore have the smallest density of all the lipoproteins. Chylomicrons include phospholipids and proteins on the surface so that the hydrophilic surfaces are in touch with water. The hydrophobic molecules are encompassed in the interior. The major apoproteins of nascent chylomicrons a re apo B-48, apo A-I, apoA-II and apoA-IV. In circulation, the nascent chylomicrons acquire apo-C and apo-E fromplasma HDL in replacement for phospholipids. The acquisitionof apo-CII fromHDL is substantial to start up lipoprotein lipase,LPL.Chylomicrons tie up to membrane bound lipoprotein lipases (LPLs). Lipase, LPL are placed on adipose and muscle tissues where the triacylglycerols are hydrolyzed into fatty acids. The fatty acids are moved into the adipose cell where they are again recombined into triacylglycerols and kept. In the muscle, the fatty acids are oxidized to give energy. As the tissues soak up the fatty acids, the chylomicrons gradually become smaller until they are decreased down to cholesterol enriched remains. As the chylomicron becomes smaller it moves a good portion of its phospholipids and apoproteins A and Cto HDL.The apo C proteins are continuously converted between chylomicrons and HDL. The remains missing apo A and C proteins will not bind to the LPLs in the capillaries. The remains are soaked up by the liver. Chylomicrons tie up to Lipoprotein Lipases in the capillaries of the tissues. Apo-CII is needed Hertig,Kathleen(2) to convert the LPLs. The LPLs hydrolyze the fatty acid ester bonds freeing glycerol and free fatty acids. The fatty acids are soaked up by the endothelial cells that line the capillary.LPL is serine esterase that is located mostly in muscle and adipose tissue. LPL is discharged out of the cell and is shifted to the lumenal surface of the endothelial cells lining the capillary where it is fastened to heparin sulfate. LPL is the most important enzyme responsible in the processing of chylomicrons and VLDLs. (dietheartpublishing. com/node/282). Very Small Densisty Lipoproteins: The liver combines fatty acids and cholesterol and wraps them up for movement into the blood plasma in VLDLs. The cholesterol is unesteried and instituted as a surface component of the lipoprotein.A large cholesterol diet changes the composition o f the VLDL with cholesteryl esters replacing for triacylglycerols as the major constituent of the lipid make up. The major apoprotein is B-100. The liver discharges VLDLs via exocytosis. VLDLs undergoes repeated changes in the plasma. First, the nacent VLDL obtains apo C and E fromHDL. VLDLs ties up to the same membrane bound lipoprotein lipases (LPLs) on adipose and muscle tissues where the triacylglycerols are hydrolyzed into fatty acids. The fatty acids are moved into the adipose cell where they are again recombined into triacylglycerols and kept.In the muscle, the fatty acids are oxidized to give energy. As the tissues soak up the fatty acids and monoacylglycerols, the VLDLs gradually become smaller making IDLs. As the VLDL becomes smaller it moves a good amount of its phospholipids and apoprotein C to HDL. IDLs can adhere to receptors of liver cells where they are soaked up in a manner to chylomicrons, or they can moreover be catabolized by LPLs, lastly unbinding apo-E to form LDLs. LDL,a cholesterol abundant lipoprotein which makes up apo B-100. LDL is the major plasma cholesterol mover. The concentration of LDLs absolutely correlates with coronary heart disease.LDL is sometimes referred to the bad cholesterol. Transporter of plasma cholesterol to the tissues is LDL. It serves as a source of cholesterol for the majority of the tissues of the body. Large levels of LDL are connected with the forming of atherosclerotic plaques that block blood vessels bring about heart attacks and strokes. (http://www. sciencedaily. com/articles/l/low_density_lipoprotein. htm) Small Density Lipoproteins: LDLs tie to particular cell receptors found on the plasma membrane of aimed cells Glycoprotein is the LDL receptor that has a domain with negative charged residues.The LDL binding domain has electrostatic interactions withthe positively charged arginine and lysine residues of apo-B100. LDL receptors go to areas of the plasma membrane that are especially for endocytosis call ed coated pits. They get the name coated pits because of the clatharin protein coat on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. When the LDL ties to the receptor, the clathrin proteins advances endocytosis. When the vesicle is in the cell, the clathrin voluntarily separates from the endosomal vesicle.PH of the vesicle is decreased to such that LDL separates from the receptor. LDL receptors are converted to a reusable material to the cell surface. The vesicle combines with a lysosome which then lowers the lipoprotein to its main components, amino acids, cholesterol, glycerol and fatty acids. The cholesterol is merged into Hertig,Kathleen(3) the intracellular cholesterol pool which is utilized for the membrane. (http://www. sciencedaily. com/articles/l/low_density_lipoprotein. htm) Large Density Lipoproteins: Discharged by the liver and intestinal cells are HDLs.Disk shaped, but they become round as they obtain free cholesterol from cell membranes and triacylglycerols from other lipoprot eins are nascent HDLs. The major function of HDLs is to eliminate excess cholesterol and carry the excess to the liver to be metabolized into bile salts. The duty of cholesterol elimination from the tissues is the inverse relationship between the plasma concentration of HDLs and the prevalence of heart diseases. Commonly known as the good cholesterol HDL. It is the mover of plasma cholesterol back to the liver. Enzymes that contain either esterify cholesterol or move cholesteryl esters are HDLs.Enzyme that circulates with HDL is Lechithin-cholesterol(LCAT)that catayzes the movement of long chain fatty acids from phospholipids to cholesterol to make cholesteryl esters. The lipid core of the Cholesteryl esters occupy HDL . Facilitation, keeping and movement of excess cholesterol is LCAT. It is activated by apo A-I. Exchanged between lipoproteins are Cholesteryl esters. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) which is another protein that circulates HDL. Promotion the net movement of cholesterol esters from HDL to LDL, IDL and VLDL in exchange triacylglycerols is CETP.By this process, it converts VLDLs and IDLs into LDLs. HDLs increase in size they gain apo-E which enlarges the binding of the HDL heads to receptors in the liver. The liver then soaks up and catabolizes HDL. (www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/2642759 ). Dietary Considerations for Prevention and Reduction of Cardiovascular Disease: Vegetable oils that contain trans fatty acids should be removed from diets because of their correlation to increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Saturated fats should be consumed in moderation in order to control or prevent cardiovascular disease. An even better combination would be ono-unsaturated and poly-unsaturated fats in place of saturated fats to reduce risk of cardiovascular diease. (Willett). A lifestyle of modifying risk factors can prevent and or control sudden cardiac death in in women. These factors would include not partaking in tobacco product use, weig ht that is healthy and maintained, and a diet that does not include any trans fat and limited saturated fat (Chiuve, Fung, Rexrode, Spiegelman, Manson, Stampfer and Albert). Not enough Vitamin D in our diet can negatively effect our musculoskeletal system and health. Since our heart is part of this system it can effect our cardiovascular health as well.Parathyroid hormone levels become increased with Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency. This creates a chain reaction of events, insulin resistance becoming worse, which could cause systemic inflamatory process, high blood pressure, enlargement of left ventricle and diabetes. Increased cardiovasular death, there is a correlation with it and decreased levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. ( Shapees and Manson). Work Cited Adherence to a Low-Risk, Healthy Lifestyle and Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death Among Women    Stephanie E. Chiuve, ScD, Teresa T. Fung, ScD, Kathryn M. Rexrode, MD, MPH, Donna Spiegelman, ScD, JoAnn E.Manson, MD, DrPH, Meir J. Stampfer, MD, DrPH, Christine M. Albert, MD, MPH JAMA. Carl S. Swisher Library. 2011;306(1):62-69. doi:10. 1001/jama. 2011. 907. Web. 6, April 2013. www. dietheartpublishing. com/node/282. Web. 6, April 2013. Dietary fats and coronary heart disease. Detail Only Available (includes abstract) Willett WC; Journal of Internal Medicine,Carl S Swisher Library, CIANL. 2012 Jul; 272 (1): 13-24. (journal article – review) ISSN: 0954-6820 PMID: 2258305. Web. 6, April 2013. www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/2642759. Web. 6, April 2013. http://www. sciencedaily. com/articles/l/low_density_lipoprotein. htm.Web. 6 April 2013 www. tamu. edu/faculty/bmiles/lectures/Lipid%20Transport. pdf. Web. 6,April 2013. Vitamin D Supplementation for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention—Reply Sue A. Shapses, PhD, JoAnn E. Manson, MD, DrPH JAMA. Carl S. Swisher Library. 2011;306(14):1546-1548. doi:10. 1001/jama. 2011. 1466. Web. 6 April 2013. Paper title:  Week 5 Part B Paper ID:  318310799 Author :  hertig, kathleen The plagiarism detector has analyzed the following text segments, and did not find any instances of plagiarism: Text being analyzed Result binding domain has electrostatic interactions withthe positively charged arginine and OK cquisitionof apo-CII fromHDL is substantial to start up lipoprotein lipase,LPL OK lipoproteins VLDLs, medium density lipoproteins, IDLs, small density lipoproteins, LDLs, OK concentration of LDLs absolutely correlates with coronary heart disease OK Majority of the body’s lipids(phospholipids, triacylglycerols and cholesterol), are moved OK better combination would be mono-unsaturated and poly-unsaturated fats in OK Dietary Considerations for Prevention and Reduction of Cardiovascular Disease: OK Vitamin D Supplementation for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention—Reply OK Results: No plagiarism suspected

Representations of Illness and Recovery in ‘the Secret Garden’

â€Å"Explore The Secret Garden’s representation of illness and recovery. † The Secret Garden, written by Frances Hodgson Burnett, is a children’s story that has endured enormous popularity since its publication in 1911. The novel centres round a young and lonely protagonist, Mary Lennox. Mary’s journeys in The Secret Garden- both physical and spiritual- have been followed by child readers and often remembered long into adulthood.The text communicates to readers themes such as death, sickness, and recovery and it is largely because of this addressing of serious and sometimes relatable issues that the novel has been considered such a significant contribution to children’s literature. The notions that illness and unhappiness of all kinds can be ‘cured’ by positive thinking is a concept that runs through the text and is generally attributed to the authors own belief in Christian science.Burnett was known to have found comfort in spirituali ty and this ‘New thought’ ideology whilst dealing with the deaths that occurred in her own life and the resulting depression from them. By exploring the representations of illness and recovery within The Secret Garden readers are able to recognise the messages and lessons Burnett as an author was attempting to portray to children. From this, readers can also gain a greater contextual understanding of the kind of society Burnett- and in turn, her characters- would have existed within.In many works of children’s literature, it is common for parental figures to either not be present or to be removed from the story in some way, to allow the child protagonist to have their own ‘adventure’ without adult supervision. The Secret Garden is an example of this, but what stands apart from other children’s texts is the harshness of the situation that Mary as a character is immediately faced with. By the end of The Secret Garden’s first chapter, both Mary’s parents and any servants that provided care for her have been killed by an outbreak of cholera.Mary Lennox is instantly surrounded by death at the beginning of the story, and her sudden physical loneliness only draws attention from readers to the fact that Mary was very much alone and uncared for in the first place; as Burnett writes, as soon as there is an outbreak, â€Å"†¦She was forgotten by everyone. Nobody thought of her, nobody wanted her†¦Ã¢â‚¬  . Death and sickness are the themes that open The Secret Garden to readers and in turn give readers the first impression that these hemes are what largely define Mary Lennox as a protagonist. Before Mary is taken to live with her uncle in Yorkshire, she first stays in India with an English Clergyman and his family. What is interesting about where Mary is taken when she must leave her first home is that she is only seen as safe and away from disease when taken into a British setting- even if it is only made British by the people she is living with.It is decisions like this one made by Burnett that affirms to readers that India is seen to her as a ‘sickly’ place; the novel in fact opens with a paragraph stating Mary â€Å"had been born in India and had always been ill in one way or another. † It is important to consider that the first outbreak of Cholera is seen in the servants- those who are native to India- which is the cause of Mary’s parent’s death. India is frequently suggested to be an unhealthy place, especially in comparison to England, which as The Secret Garden progresses is shown to be the place where character’s health improve.This apparent view of an English writer seeing England as a place of good health, whilst a foreign place to be somewhere that produces sickness and death, puts forward the question to readers of whether they are being presented with an accurate perception of settings, or if they are reading the descriptions of s omeone who is significantly biased. Understanding this, adult readers should consider if child readers could be negatively influenced by the writer’s own opinions.The locked away and hidden garden in Burnett’s The Secret Garden is seen to be the symbolic centre of the novel even before its discovery. It’s introduction through Martha, who tells Mary after some hesitation â€Å"One of th’gardens is locked up. No one has been in it for ten years. † is one that creates the first real mystery of the text, something to occupy Mary’s thoughts while she begins life in Yorkshire and stir curiosity in readers, suggesting to them that there are more secrets to be discovered than just the many shut away and forbidden rooms of the old manor house.Although Burnett claims the garden at Mary’s first sight of it to be â€Å"The sweetest, most mysterious place anyone could imagine†, the first description of the setting is decidedly centred round the fact that all the trees and flowers that were once there seem to no longer be alive. Like the opening scenes of The Secret Garden, this new scene is one largely defined by death. The garden has been hidden away and unwanted, much like Mary herself in the beginning of The Secret Garden, however, the situation is different in that pon discovery, someone wishes to care for it. Mary claims â€Å"Is it all a quite dead garden? I wish it wasn’t. † These words from the protagonist could be seen as a kind of positive development in character; Mary is learning to feel compassion for other things. It could be argued that Mary’s wish to look after this garden stems from an innate desire to ‘get better’ herself. Despite Mary’s interest in caring for the garden, it is believed to be lifeless until Dickon is introduced into the text.Mary confides in him and brings him to the garden, and almost immediately he is able to find traces of life in the other wise decaying surroundings, telling Mary it is â€Å"as wick as you or me. † Dickon as a character seems to represent both nature and health; Mary finds him surrounded by animals and the author describes him have â€Å"Cheeks as red as poppies†. The way he seems to portray both health and a close bond with nature suggests to readers that Burnett herself sees a strong connotation between contact with nature and good health.Nature is often used throughout The Secret Garden to describe healthy traits; The doctor at one point claims Dickon to be â€Å"as strong as a moor pony†. Nature even outside of the garden or Moors is seen to be intrinsically linked with being healthy in the text; both Mary and Colin’s wellbeing seems to depend on the changing of the seasons. It is only when spring arrives that Colin feels strong enough to sit up for breakfast with his cousin, claiming â€Å"I am breathing long breath of fresh air. It makes you strong. † The two c hildren’s health and progress seem to rely heavily on the matching progress of nature and the seasons outside.Considering this, readers could ask themselves if Burnett has intended this to be because of how she may see nature and health intrinsically linked- the two children must ‘bloom’ with the seasons and the flowers in the garden- or whether it is because she creates two characters so dependant on nature for their happiness. In the lonely, remote manor house with barely any other children around to play with, nature and the garden are some of the only things for Mary and Colin to build an attachment to. Colin is a character who is introduced to the text after much mystery; he is the cause of the crying Mary has been hearing every night.His character of the ‘invalid hidden away’ is one that has been seen before in other works of fiction- a notable example to draw parallels to is the character of Bertha in Jane Eyre. Colin and Bertha represent the kind of characters that were created in a â€Å"Victorian fascination with the â€Å"imaginative potential of disease† . Sickness was something that could define a character and make it interesting to readers; a kind of morbid fascination with things that were not yet entirely understood. Being unwell in the Victorian period was itself not seen as an entirely negative experience.Diane Price Herndl states in Invalid Women that â€Å" Invalidism has historically offered women a way . . . to achieve a kind of power when no other means opened up†. This in theory could apply to Colin as a child character. Children, like women in the Victorian period, gained a kind of power from being unwell, as others are forced to attend to them and oblige to them for fear of sickening them further. Certainly, being treated for being unwell is the only kind of attention that Colin is able receive until later in The Secret Garden.The way Colin is treated for his illness seems to resemble t he ‘rest cure’ treatment, a method that was developed in the 19th century. He is confined to his bed and isolated from other people, told to rest and never over stress himself, isolated from anyone around him. Until Mary meets him, there seems to be no foreseeable time when he will ’get better’. Colin says to Mary when they first meet â€Å"If I live I may be a hunchback, but I shan’t live. †. Colin has essentially resigned to waiting in his room to die.Whilst Mary as a character strikes readers as having a fierce will to live, and a kind of innate desire to become more healthy, at this point in the novel Colin seems to contrast against her in that he does not see himself living past childhood- as he has been told his entire life. However, hope for his improvement is created through the situation that he and Mary are first introduced to each other. Mary meets Colin at a point where she herself is starting to improve in behaviour and become mo re like a normal, healthy child.She is confused by the way that Colin acts, telling Martha later â€Å"I think he’s a very spoiled boy. †; scarcely recognising that she herself was not very different to him before she came to Yorkshire. The fact that Mary has found Colin whilst in the process of becoming more healthy herself is encouraging to readers, as if Mary can improve from being a spoilt, ‘sickly’ child, then it seems likely that Colin is able to as well. In addition, Colin appears in the text as Mary is slowly learning to want to are for things and nurture them, implying that Mary can in turn look after and help Colin become more healthy. Colin’s actual state of health in The Secret Garden seems debatable. There is never an assigned name to the illness that keeps him from being mobile, other than being told that he may one day develop a hunchback like his father. His bouts of cold and fever seem to be directly related to how hysteric he becom es in his ‘fits’, his weakness seemingly due to the fact that he has barely ventured outside of his bedroom during his lifetime.It is Mary who is the first character to dismiss the idea of his ‘sickness’ and in turn his unavoidable premature death, telling him â€Å"There’s nothing the matter with your horrid back- nothing but hysterics! †. It is almost as if Colin’s own belief in his ill health has been created through the negative beliefs of others, and Mary as a character who is new and unfamiliar with these negative presumptions if the only person who can see past them.This concept that Colin is not truly unwell, but made to think he is and therefore acts as if he is disabled in some way, seems to align itself with Burnett’s own beliefs in Christian science and New thought ideology. It also suggests to readers at this point in the novel that Colin is a character who can become better; he has willed himself into ill health, so there is no reason why he cannot similarly will himself into becoming more healthy.Despite the authors own apparent perceptions of sickness being based on Christian Science beliefs- that sickness can be cured through positive thinking- it has been suggested by some that real forms of illness are present in some of the characters in the text. Mary and Colin are seen as neurotic figures; Mary’s indifference to death and her solitary games have seen her diagnosed as pre-schizoid, whilst Colin’s obsession with his own imaginary hunchback has been seen to class him as a hysteric.Burnett admits herself that â€Å"Perhaps they were both of them thinking strange things children do not usually think†. She as an author seems to understand that the child characters she has created do not act as normal, healthy children would. Though the possibility of Mary and Colin’s mental illnesses are just theories, it brings the question to readers of whether the treatment, or rather lack of treatment, being provided to each child is entirely appropriate. After all, each child has dealt with a great deal throughout their short lifetimes.Mary has practically witnessed the deaths of all that she first knew, whilst Colin has been confined to one room for his entire life; perhaps most importantly, neither of them have ever had loving parental figures present, so would surely be psychologically affected by this in some way. Modern day readers must consider that treatment of illness was in the time Mary and Colin would have existed in, very different to what is used now- for example, the ‘rest cure’ of enforced confinement and bed rest has since been discredited as a treatment to any condition.Whilst contact with nature and other children obviously shows signs of improvement in Colin and Mary’s wellbeing, readers might ask themselves if this would be the case of ‘real’ children in the character’s places, and if by the fi nishing chapters of The Secret Garden, Mary and Colin can be considered entirely ‘cured’ of their past problems. Word count: 2,383 Bibliography * Lawson, Kate, The Victorian Sickroom in L. M. Montgomery's The Blue Castle and Emily's Quest : Sentimental Fiction and the Selling of Dreams, Volume 31, Number 3, 2007 (http://muse. jhu. edu/login? auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/lion_and_the_unicorn/v031/31. lawson. html) * Gohlke, Madelon, Re-reading The Secret Garden, vol 41 no 8 (JSTOR) * Carpenter, Angelica, In the Garden: Essays in honor of Frances Hodgson Burnett (http://chapters. scarecrowpress. com/08/108/0810852888ch1. pdf) * Hunt, Peter, An introduction to children’s literature, 1994, Oxford University Press * Hodgson Burnett, Frances, The Secret Garden, Puffin Classics, 1911 * (http://www. sciencemuseum. org. uk/broughttolife/techniques/restcure. aspx) (definition of rest cure) ————————— Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ [ 1 ]. Gohlke, Madelon, Re-reading The Secret Garden, vol 41 no 8 [ 2 ].

A Man s World, A Woman s Love - 1132 Words

A Man’s World, A Woman’s Love Life in the 1950’s was racist and hard for black people. Most blacks worked for upper class whites. Their dreams appeared to be out of reach. Although hoping for a better tomorrow, they still dreamed of a perfect day. Because of the hardship black men and women faced; their personalities, dreams and work ethics differed. In the short play â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† by Lorraine Hansberry, although there are similarities in their work ethics; the personalities and dreams of the characters are as different as night and day. Black person, working in the 50’s was more meaningless and limited than jobs of today. Some of the jobs that black people held in the 50’s consisted of maids, nannies, and chauffeurs for†¦show more content†¦Bennie going to school was a challenge in a racist world. Even though Walter, Ruth, and Mama all worked for a rich white family, Bennie’s job was to become rich and educated. Black men and women of the 50’s had strong, prideful attitudes. Walter had a fun side to him, like his wife Ruth. They would joke around, yet they knew when to be serious. Walter believed he was the man of the house and his opinion should be top of the list. Walter was one sided and only thought about himself. Mama tried to allow Walter to be the king, however she knew Walter was still immature and foolish. Unlike Walter, Mama, was a quite loving person who put her family first and wanted to provide a nice home for the family. She was a religious women who beli eved God would find a way to make her dreams come true, but Walter was a loud boisterous man who did not think about the best interest of the family. He looked for the quickest way out. Ruth, wanted the family happy and did not want to burden anyone. With a news of a new addition to the family, Ruth stresses over abortion and survival. She was the mediator between her husband and the rest of the family. She sided with her husband, but also tried to talk sense to him, unlike Bennie who liked to taunt Walter. â€Å"You are a nut,† Bennie told Walter after a discussion about the money. (pg987) Bennie was a free spirit, history seeking woman. Unlike Ruth, Bennie was